Educator Resources

• Articles of Confederation Answer Keys

Notes: Students will need access to the Declaration of Independence. Also, Handout A: Articles of Confederation and Handout K: Vices of the Political System are provided for reference and research, but are not directly used in activities.

Student Handouts

• Articles of Confederation Essay
• Handout A: Articles of Confederation (reference)
• Handout B: Evaluation of the Articles of Confederation
• Handout C: Committee of Detail – Executive Power
• Handout D: Excerpts from the Introduction to Annapolis Convention Report – James Madison
• Handout E: Excerpts from the Annapolis Convention Report
• Handout F: Articles of Confederation One-Pager
• Handout G: Shays’s Rebellion Participants and Locations
• Handout H: Role Play Outline
• Handout I: Analysis of Shays’s Rebellion
• Handout J: Main Headings from the Vices of the Political System of the United States
• Handout K: Vices of the Political System of the United States, Full Text (reference)

• Alexander Hamilton
• Articles of Confederation
• Constitution
• Continental Congress
• George Washington
• James Madison
• John Jay
• Justice
• Thomas Jefferson

Read The Articles of Confederation Essay.

Begin with whole-class discussion to refresh students’ memory regarding grievances that the colonists expressed about the British Government.

Provide the students with a copy of the Declaration of Independence for reference.

Note that, as long as the colonies had a common enemy in King George III and Parliament, their internal squabbles were limited. However, once the American Revolution was over, those interstate rivalries surfaced.

Study Groups [20 minutes]

Divide the class into 5 groups and assign one of the following readings to each group:

• Handout B: Evaluation of the Articles of Confederation
• Handout C: Committee of Detail – Executive Power
• Handout D: Excerpts from the Introduction to Annapolis Convention Report – James Madison
• Handout E: Excerpts from the Annapolis Convention Report
• Handout F: Articles of Confederation One-Pager

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Sharing Groups [30 minutes]

Regroup the class, jigsaw style, so that the new groups include at least one person to report on each of the documents above. Allow time for this reporting and encourage students to annotate the handouts as their classmates describe each document.

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Shays’s Rebellion Role Play [45 minutes]

Handout F: Articles of Confederation One-Pager provides a summary of the strengths and weaknesses of America’s first constitution, the Articles of Confederation. Use Handout F along with Handout G: Shays’s Rebellion Participants and Locations, Handout H: Role Play Outline, and Handout I: Analysis of Shays’s Rebellion to provide classes with a role play in which they analyze the purposes of a central government, evaluate the Articles of Confederation, reenact Shays’s Rebellion, and reflect on its results.

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Problems Facing the New Nation [20 minutes]

In whole-class dialogue, review Handout J: Main Headings from the Vices of the Political System of the United States, and then discuss the Critical Thinking Question: Based on a quick overview of this list from Madison, and on your background knowledge of the functioning of the government under the Articles of Confederation, which 3 to 5 problems do you think were the most serious and important? Be prepared to discuss your reasoning with others.

In a class discussion, written response, graphic organizer, poster, flow chart, or some other format, students will trace the evolution of the growing concerns and necessity to change the Articles of Confederation. Students will discuss/debate whether individual rights and liberties are more in jeopardy from a strong central government or from a weak central government.

Students analyze further Madison’s Vices (Handout J) and draw connections to the debates at the Constitutional Convention and the U.S. Constitution. In an essay after the study of Philadelphia Convention, the students assess to what extent these vices made it into the debates at the Convention and the final draft of the U.S. Constitution.